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[U٦*Bf}APV8:~N @`./fX[.7O fC\iX|-6_{}n5\I_TU тe}^  "J~!ڜǎݾAIVئ4%Eɡ)ޫot46 Fs8lTb+dE8C/OsklA^I2D`ódZ]xc*>z)Un9`慦[ ͅ\j"'3Y 38>-`ݪPJs 0CՍ0fǡT %aQ,p1CQJ#±`AHltL/"0@3!դB>=MN$eCzOz|\,r$Gh?.2͉쒀,@0h&FdM@.R7"@\Ce$qSAU㐦+hEiG=5aDZ)~Y 46#|.TD\sL{ivD3+dSϝV%zu 'Rٛ3vwa˿|$JS3KGo׭C}?~1 {A?qcj&'l >{"_A:oU88Bs"!DGuifD z+\jP/K_'`hLàTʛF+Eґ(D P2$WC)!%3ŠKt3iS{~SK.ҕ|m^#~kt$f v}q.O\MtbI GPTjh7iv?Tͧrf]IyNܴDʂ]*6``/FC"4%8-F_SskOs`ЄЧ-oXCW=m25o8 ¶ߺ zU$=$P8L葟 2'FMē Lob6UD}K |ǛHR0 P*3FLj" bF!l-gkWT۬,PS^~ap>l^]5U }-k)A ݭ+JsleW4:yv]/jz3^ H8%Og"]; U#ʰ:/書'?ʃ)ѱʿ_:?<HF{tn}qi6*Ө+3=1fO ra"$jr @5vG5$ϽB458` I>+0a a}EU$]v#4d$6SskL#_ se!KT<|ި/m~e`VL <2A,I5UntC1y$؎tm'?hl"p+JiSSq!g!`XTCF!J Ng ɥpA " f(N^WEeo7B_\`jm?w^щ\ř<8NAa$=:p@8O* ;[kH$f?I)wS l1( ;r%=P"K,yAbIiD`+VԚZ+ͭ$#2=6!61 _%z{_:`>ee炶W|sM'P("ܙ`ztP$>*t给ZzY'gܨըe!疱#2*¦$5UYCOW"}!'`dpj5*TQ >;#\0,D[9E:$c a ͵㍆Ylf0 ]YHW+92VJK qanUYHEU [^0>'z2ll\_N2 ^ЖBgf_8RpX̌MDR~4BaR9MNW+y='hotLdD60Sxܨ!p34T8-׃W"D`ֻv [nQ{8}F~ m텂;>D*5'K)Pٳҳ󱷴̳&C1Ŗ.0|Z%,&ҴĂ7$00>L)԰8ڎp۫;<#srhP]Q0WJ3 9;VkqHrgHiӴp! \u^h,Z#0f‘إSVj0e-z"3j9[3K|kA'3?*zi:Y>׵_"'D/Z6?HG L":/LS0Vż^ņeqv#Y{Km4*̲_Ά[o@ 3.xԗT5;)rܨ baz`1׿SH"[î"2g8B;@0$EgRoWF# cF>=*-$7!,DpRnxB'ҥш@ SF*o*XCP/D#"@z00;Budľ+93{[{|"fBvZU Z|mTK6*!'%"RF2ZZiUWZh%/Eb"Wt/<)hA*RUMUPdȀ4}][p0CD!K! c4UʛͺhH@:`J3|4tQ''$$b$d x '* eW-: 0AA0 Fs&>TML2@8  3ʚ;ˆ/ʚ;g4<d<d4X -a0ppp@  <4dddd8K*0l80___PPT10 pp?  %O  =MLegal developments in the field of violence against women in Western Europe NN$b  HRene Rmkens UNODC-UNDAW Expert Group Meeting Vienna, May 26-29,2008.(IZ$9, &+European supra-national legal developments ,,$ , tEuropean Union (EU) - 27 Member States Instruments specifically dedicated to violence against women No binding dedicated legal instruments Policy instruments (Declarations) Daphne Programme (on violence against women, young people and children) of the European Commission General human rights instruments (Eur Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; European Court of Human rights jurisprudence). Relevant general victim rights instruments: EU Framework Decision on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings (March 2001) (>Jd(  %Jd   z s&6   '6European supra-national legal developments - continued77$ 7 Council of Europe (CoE)  44 (plus) Member States No binding legal instruments Policy instruments: Recommendation (2002)5 Council of Europe Task Force to combat violence against women, including domestic violence Several regional seminars (2006-2007) -> legal and policy recommendations Research European Convention in the making? v2I%2I% &  ? (0Current trends in national legislation in Europe11$ 1   Scattered and substantial differences among Member States Few comprehensive legal strategies or action plans that encompass prevention, protection and punishment. Focus is on criminalization. Thematically: focus on domestic violence. marital rape exemption is lifted in only 12 MS legal strategies focusing on prevention - like the use of barring or no-go order - are only slowly introduced Increasing attention for violence against women that is related to migration (forces marriages,  honour related violence). Conclusion: much work to be done Future: Impact in European countries of the use of the UN Convention to End Discrimination Against Women Optional Protocol - Views/Communications of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women\P:P,PP:,&   )@Law on the books  law in action ! Law and the implementation of law Need for monitoring instruments Need for evaluation research Need for strong and independent feminist organizations/ political lobby&##&   /p*+,-  0` j\Vtff3Ÿ` fBff33` .6aR3fi` 3fff` 3fff̙` fff33` f` 3'\m3fff` 33Ţ>?" dd@(?Cp?drfd(@&><)d=k n?" dd@   @@``PX    = ` `p>>^N0 P x(    JAL Y? banner#" `  <X "A X T Click to edit Master title style! !$  0X " T X RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0X "` @ X X*   0X "`  X Z*   0X "`` X Z* |  @Ar 3UvTlogo#" ` ^  C (Atopline"B  s *޽h ? fBff33___PPT10i. a+D=' X= @B + IV1  0^N0 ` (  z  >A? banner#" `  <X "   X `,Click to edit the title for the presentation- -  0 _ " #  X o;Click to edit name of the presenter the date place occasion< <  0W "` ` _ X*   0pW "`  _ Z*   0XW"M  6INTERVICT International Victimology Institute Tilburg :7 + $  |  @Ar 3UvTlogo#" ` B  s *޽h? fBff33___PPT10i. a+D=' X= @B + 0 '(    0 0 P   _ P*    00    0 R*  d  c $ ?  03  0$0  0 0 oKlik om de opmaakprofielen van de modeltekst te bewerken Tweede niveau Derde niveau Vierde niveau Vijfde niveau9  p  60 _P  0 P*    60 _  0 R*  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.y x(  x x 0 P    X*  x 0     Z*  x 6} _P   X*  x 6, _   Z* H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.aJ 0p^N0  0(  x  c $$W}   W x  c $W %  W H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i. transposal into law and actual implementation can be two very different issues. Due to inadequate implementation the laws and rights may not serve to enhance the position of victims, while on the other hand obligations contained in charters, guidelines and other pseudo-legislation may succeed in achieving that goal. &  4  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#hX0   ` h (   X   C        S $a 0T  <4___PPT9 & * Recommendation (2002)5. has lead to a impressive series of initiatives to start policy development, inclusing legal measures. Preparatory stage: research en regional expert seminars play a crucial role  research: both on legal measures and more generally on what has been developed so fa in term sof measures and instruemnts to combat violence against women in the ms. Stocktaking study (on all kinds of measures) - feasibility study on a convention on domestic violence. This is intersting example of how the criminal elgal perspective still dominates when it comes to developeing legal measures. This latter study was commissioned by the CDPC of the Eurepan Cee on Crime Problems. Initially: unrelated to the department concerned with gender based violence. Expectation: Eur Convention in the making? DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?? Or broader (See Task Froce Opinion of April 2008 broader. FOR NOW CONCLUSION: ON A EUROPEAN LEVEL THER IS NOT MUCH SPECIFIC . DEDICATED LEGAl INSTRUmENTS. They Re in the pipe line one might argue. But: we should not ignore the strong trend towards general victims rights instruments, Touches on the recurring issue for feminists the question of gender-mainstreaming. Where can we gain and where would we loose? Rr: no either /or but an and/and strategy. We need both.`--l  -  ~ xd                .   G    o  D  r       6 H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.K+0 ph(  X  C    h  S o 0     For doumentation on current trends I refer to the 2006 stocktaking study as aell as the first Inventory on Legislation in the Ms (Council of Europe website). General picture See for example the recent Comm. 6/2005 (october 2007)  Yildirim case  stating that Austria failed in that case in its due diligence obligation to protect the deceased Yildrin (who was stalked by her ex-husband and thepolice neglected to act more forcefully and effectively when called to protect the victim). 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